Policy Making Essay

In the United States, a Constitutional form of government mandates a separation of powers between the respective branches of government. Therefore, the methods and avenues of the policymaking process are complex. Because of this unique â€Å"separation between its executive and legislative functions† (Schroedel 3) the governmental system in America â€Å"lacks a formal hierarchical or organic link between the executive and the legislative branches of government† (Schroedel 3) and this results in two primary progenitors of policymaking. Policy may be forwarded by the legislative or executive branches. The idea behind the division of policymaking powers to establish â€Å"a government composed of functionally separated branches that are required to share legislative responsibilities† (Schroedel 4) with neither of the branches exerting primacy. In addition to the formal branches of government, policymaking is impacted by public activism and public opinion as well as media. Such influence, often referred to as â€Å"agenda setting,† can be a primary motivator in the policymaking chain. Plainly stated, â€Å"Agenda-setting is the course by which issues are adopted for Governmental consideration and perhaps remedy† (Nelson 161), so, technically, one of the branches of government, legislative or executive, must at some point be engaged in the policymaking process set forth by public agenda-setting. A case which illustrates the combination of all aspects of policymaking fro public activism to legislative and executive influence, is the issue of child abuse in America. Rather than having long-standing laws and protections against child abuse, â€Å"It was not until the 1950s and 1960s [†¦ ] that the problem again came to the fore† (Nelson 163); a key point being that the bringing of the problem to the forefront of public and governmental awareness lay largely with the media and with popular interest groups and activists. It was â€Å"by examining how child abuse achieved these agendas† that government came to understand â€Å"new categorical social service policies† (Nelson 163) and subsequent legislation broadened to include â€Å"a more sensitive governmental response to rape, as well as recognition of such â€Å"new† problems as spouse abuse, child sexual abuse, child pornography, and abuse of the elderly† (Nelson 163). The conclusion is that public interest and activism, along with the legislative and executive branches of government plays a pivotal role in policymaking in American government.

Water Salinity Water Quality Guidelines Environmental Sciences Essay

Phosphate will excite the growing of plankton and aquatic workss which provide nutrient for larger beings, including: zooplankton, fish, worlds, and other mammals. A Plankton stand for the base of the nutrient chain.A Initially, this increased productiveness will do an addition in the fish population and overall biological diverseness of the system.A But as the phosphate burden continues and there is a build-up of phosphate in the lake or surface H2O ecosystem, the aging procedure of lake or surface H2O ecosystem will be accelerated. A The overrun of lake or H2O organic structure can take to an instability in the food and stuff cycling process.A Eutrophication, is enhanced production of primary manufacturers ensuing in decreased stableness of the ecosystem.A Excessive food inputs, normally nitrogen and phosphate, have been shown to be the chief cause of eutrophication over the past 30 old ages. This aging procedure can ensue in big fluctuations in the lake H2O quality and trophic pos ition and in some instances periodic blooms of blue-green algae. In state of affairss where eutrophication occurs, the natural rhythms become overwhelmed by an surplus of one or more of the followers: foods such as nitrate, phosphate, or organic waste. The concentration of algae and the trophic province of lakes correspond good to P degrees in H2O. The system so reacts by bring forthing more phytoplankton/vegetation than can be consumed by ecosystem. This overrun can take to a assortment of jobs runing from anoxic Waterss ( through decomposition ) to toxic algal blooms and lessening in diverseness, nutrient supply and home ground devastation. Eutrophication as a H2O quality issue has had a high profile since the late eightiess, following the widespread happening of bluish green algal blooms in some fresh Waterss. Some bluish green algae can at times produce toxins, which are harmful to worlds, pets and farm animate beings. Under aerophilic conditions ( presence of O ) , the natural rhythms may be more or less in balance until an surplus of nitrate ( N ) and/or phosphate enters the system. At this clip the H2O workss and algae Begin to turn more quickly than normal. As this happens there is besides an extra dice off of the workss and algae as sunshine is blocked at lower degrees. Bacteria attempt to break up the organic waste, devouring the O, and let go ofing more phosphate which is known as â€Å" recycling or internal cycling † . Some of the phosphate may be precipitated as Fe phosphate and stored in the deposit where it can so be released if anoxic conditions develop. Water PH The pH value determines whether H2O is difficult or soft. The pH of pure H2O is 7. In general, H2O with a pH lower than 7 are considered acidic, and with a pH greater than 7, basic. The normal scope for pH in surface H2O systems is 6.5 to 8.5 and for groundwater systems 6 to 8.5. Alkalinity is a step of the capacity of the H2O to defy a alteration in pH that would be given to do the H2O more acidic. The measuring of alkalinity and pH is needed to find the corrosiveness of the H2O. In general, H2O with a low pH ( & lt ; 6.5 ) could be acidic, soft, and caustic. Therefore, the H2O could incorporate metal ions such as Fe, manganese, Cu, lead, and Zn†¦ or, on other words, elevated degrees of toxic metals. This can do premature harm to metal piping, and have associated aesthetic jobs such as a metallic or rancid gustatory sensation, staining of wash, and the characteristic â€Å" bluish green † staining of sinks and drains. More significantly, there is wellness hazards associated with these toxins. The primary manner to handle the job of low pH H2O is with the usage of a neutralizer. The neutralizer feeds a solution into the H2O to forestall the H2O from responding with the family plumbing or lending to electrolytic corrosion. A typical neutralizing chemical is soda ash. Neutralizing with sodium carbonate ash, nevertheless, increases the Na content of the H2O. Water with a pH & gt ; 8.5 could bespeak that the H2O is difficult. Difficult H2O does non present a wellness hazard, but can do aesthetic jobs. These jobs include an alkali gustatory sensation to the H2O, formation of a sedimentation on dishes, utensils, and wash basins, trouble in acquiring soaps and detergents to flog, and formation of indissoluble precipitates on vesture. While the ideal pH degree of imbibing H2O should be between PH 6-8.5, the human organic structure maintains pH equilibrium on a changeless footing and will non be affected by H2O ingestion. For illustration our tummies have a of course low pH degree of 2 which is good acid that helps us with nutrient digestion. A pH scope of 6.0 to 9.0 appears to supply protection for the life of freshwater fish and underside home invertebrates Turbidity Turbidity is a chief physical feature of H2O and is an look of the optical belongings that causes visible radiation to be scattered and absorbed by atoms and molecules instead than transmitted in consecutive lines through a H2O sample. It is caused by suspended affair or drosss that interfere with the lucidity of the H2O. These drosss may include clay, silt, finely divided inorganic and organic affair, soluble coloured organic compounds, and plankton and other microscopic beings. Typical beginnings of turbidness in imbibing H2O include the undermentioned ( see Figure 7-1 ) : A · Waste discharges ; A · Runoff from water partings, particularly those that are disturbed or gnawing ; A · Algae or aquatic weeds and merchandises of their dislocation in H2O reservoirs, rivers, or lakes ; A · Humic acids and other organic compounds ensuing from decay of workss, foliages, etc. in H2O beginnings ; and A · High Fe concentrations which give Waterss a rusty-red colour ( chiefly in land H2O and land H2O under the direct influence of surface H2O ) . A · Air bubbles and atoms from the intervention procedure ( e.g. , hydrated oxides, lime Softening ) Simply stated, turbidness is the step of comparative lucidity of a liquid. Clarity is of import when bring forthing imbibing H2O for human ingestion and in many fabrication utilizations. Once considered as a largely aesthetic feature of imbibing H2O, important grounds exists that commanding turbidness is a competent precaution against pathogens in imbibing H2O.Turbidity ‘s Significance to Human HealthExcessive turbidness, or cloud cover, in imbibing H2O is aesthetically unsympathetic, and may besides stand for a wellness concern. Turbidity can supply nutrient and shelter for pathogens. If non removed, turbidness can advance a regrowth of pathogens in the distribution system, taking to waterborne disease eruptions, which have caused important instances of stomach flu throughout the United States and the universe. Although turbidness is non a direct index of wellness hazard, legion surveies show a strong relationship between remotion of turbidness and remotion of Protozoa. Dissolved O Dissolved O analysis measures the sum of gaseous O ( O2 ) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen gets into H2O by diffusion from the environing air, by aeration ( rapid motion ) , and as a waste merchandise of photosynthesis. When executing the dissolved O trial, merely grab samples should be used, and the analysis should be performed instantly. Therefore, this is a field trial that should be performed on site. Environmental Impact: Entire dissolved gas concentrations in H2O should non transcend 110 per centum. Concentrations above this degree can be harmful to aquatic life. Fish in Waterss incorporating inordinate dissolved gases may endure from â€Å" gas bubble disease † ; nevertheless, this is a really rare happening. The bubbles or emboli block the flow of blood through blood vass doing decease. External bubbles ( emphysema ) can besides happen and be seen on fives, on tegument and on other tissue. Aquatic invertebrates are besides affected by gas bubble disease but at degrees higher than those deadly to angle. Adequate dissolved O is necessary for good H2O quality. Oxygen is a necessary component to all signifiers of life. Natural watercourse purification processes require equal O degrees in order to supply for aerophilic life signifiers. As dissolved O degrees in H2O bead below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under emphasis. The lower the concentration of O, the greater the emphasis. Oxygen degrees that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can ensue in big fish putting to deaths. Water temperature Why is H2O temperature of import? Most aquatic beings are inhuman, intending they are unable to internally modulate their nucleus organic structure temperature. Therefore, temperature exerts a major influence on the biological activity and growing of aquatic beings. The higher the H2O temperature, the greater the biological activity. Fish, insects, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other aquatic species all have preferred temperature ranges. As temperatures get excessively far above or below this preferable scope, the figure of persons of the species decreases until eventually there are few, or none. For illustration, we would by and large non anticipate to happen a thriving trout piscary in pools or shoal lakes because the H2O is excessively warm throughout the ice-free season. Temperature is besides of import because of its influence on H2O chemical science. The rate of chemical reactions by and large increases at higher temperature, which in bend affects biological activity. An of import illustration of the effects of temperature on H2O chemical science is its impact on O. Warm H2O holds less O that cool H2O, so it may be saturated with O but still non incorporate adequate for endurance of aquatic life. Some compounds are besides more toxic to aquatic life at higher temperatures. Temperature is reported in grades on the Celsius temperature graduated table ( C ) .

Did women have a Renaissance in Early Modern Europe Essay - 2

Did women have a Renaissance in Early Modern Europe - Essay Example This period also saw the cropping up of secularism in which people started focusing on worldly ideas and ignored God (Kreis, 1). Life became something to enjoy and not a difficult journey to heaven as it was before. Renaissance was more defined among men than it was to women. Everywhere across Europe, women were not accorded respect. They were placed under the shadow of their husband by the ancient society. They had limited education, enlightenment and exposure. Their husband restricted them to domestic activities as it was recommended by the society. Even with the early European modernization, women still lagged behind in the society where men led. During the early modernization in Europe, women had no renaissance because they had no enough experience. They were characterized with less knowledge compared to men due to their low education. Although many schools were opened during renaissance, they were attended by men (Kelly-Gadol, 24). This restricted women from getting adequate education that could give them renaissance. Most of the women remained at home to run all domestic chores. Only women from wealthy families could get higher education as they could afford private teachers. These were however restricted from learning some things such as man art. All the stakeholders in the education sectors and decision makers could not allow women in schools because society did not allow women to participate in public activities (Kelly-Gadol, 15). At his time going to school was taken to be a public activity. The educated women tried to set the example to the uneducated. This challenged them to work hard to be educated although even wi th their education they were seen lesser than men. The learned women could remarry when widowed as the case in lecturer 1 where a woman widowed four times was still looking for a husband. In arts, the women artists had similar background as the only those from wealthy families could be allowed to be artists (Clare,

The Crisis of Capitalistic Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Crisis of Capitalistic Democracy - Essay Example The most evident and apparent thing about the book is Posner’s acceptance of the Keynesianism, where he expresses that although the Keynesian Economics is to be constructed upon the idea’s of Keynes, the practitioners in the field of economics has reshaped the ideas. It is also notable that the previous book he wrote is based on the failure of the capitalism, yet Posner staunchly believes in capitalistic approach and appears cautious of the free markets. Posner suggests reformation of the policies that seem rational and an interesting element. Thus, Posner concisely states in his book that the existence of market economies is the reason for the depression in the economy, therefore, the only solution to the current scenario is to let the government curb the depression with its sensible and well analyzed polices. What may be arguable here is that a person who staunchly believes in capitalism has suggested his own perspective of controlling an economy keeping in mind the b enefits that a capitalistic market offers. However, the benefits of market economy are largely ignored by Posner in the book (Ferguson, 2010). The condition unanimously requires to be dealt with, in order to curb the economic dip. But it must not be forgotten that throughout history the countries that were under the capitalistic economies switched to the Market economies; thus, it may be noted that the government has always taken advantage of the authority when given control of the economy as a whole. Therefore, I believe that the economies do not need a switch rather a change should be brought in the existent policies. In my perception, the capitalistic approach would hinder the competency levels in the market and, as a repercussion, the quality of the products and services will reduce. Therefore, if the economy is bad today it will be worse tomorrow (Ferguson, 2010). I believe that Judge Posner has tried to present a reform that is more demanding in its form and structure. He clar ifies in his book: â€Å"Campaign contributions – insulated in the name of the Constitution by a conservative Supreme Court from effective limitation – make the legislative system one of quasi-bribery. Modern communications technology and marketing techniques, along with the expense of modern elections, amplify the influence the interest groups, especially their influence in blocking change. The short electoral cycle (major federal elections every two years) truncates the government’s policy horizon† (p. 384). He apparently suggests here that our economy must re-establish Glass-Steagall in order to rebuild the financing regulatory agencies and to re-shape the Credit Rating Agencies. However, these policies are rigid in nature and are difficult to implement. Moreover, Posner has managed well to point out certain short-comings but in its wake has forgotten to realize that political norms are not stagnant and permanent. He ignores the other existent possibil ities of funding a campaign through public funds as an alternative to private funds. There are functional congressional bills that will aid in the provision of the alternative preferences such as Fair Elections Now Act (Ferguson, 2010). Nevertheless, Posner is correct in highlighting the mitigating factors that lead to the great depression. He mentions that crisis worsened after permitting Lehman Brothers to fail. This led to succeeding administrations response that

Summary to the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary to the Article - Essay Example Another question that the paper addresses is the major geographical locations where the evolution supposedly took place and the location of the resultant fossils as discovered by archeologists. This is directly related to the adaptation to their current ecological niche. Although the results obtained need further research as stipulated by the recommendation, it is obvious that most of the tetrapods are found in the Arctic Canada where most of the evolution took place. In this regard, the data presented by the paper closely coincide with the conclusion in that the body scales, lower jaws, and other features are closely comparable to the primitive sarcopterygians. It is however important to note that there are significant implications of the study for understanding tetrapod origins and evolution in that the study exposes the geological setting together with the morphological features of this kind of fish that has been discovered and in so doing the study suggests the possibility of life in shallow-water, subaerial, and marginal

Emerging Trends Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emerging Trends Case Study - Essay Example Technical courses require creative thinking in science subjects which is the main obstacle to success to most students. Fear for science subjects has highly contributed to this problem to many candidates. Constant rise of trade schools all over America for students who are not good enough to join colleges for further studies has contributed a lot for shortage in vehicle assembly industries. The rise of trade school makes most of the students not to have vision of being a technician in future. They therefore, end their dreams in businesses (Prosser, 2009). However, most of the technicians industries are managed by aged people creating no room for the young people. The need of strong learning background in to qualify to be an automotive technician has created fear to students. Increase in wages to the workers working in industries may solve this crisis but to some extent. (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge Associated Universities.,& Southern Interstate Nuclear Board. 2014)Due to increase wage, majority of students will have an aim of meeting the demands of qualifying to be a technician due to better pay due to demand for money to most youths. However, most of the students have developed fear of doing science subjects completely. In summary, there is a need for the government to ensure that every institution is entitled to offer a compulsory science subjects to students to foster the level of awareness to science related courses. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission., Oak Ridge Associated Universities., & Southern Interstate Nuclear Board. (2014).  Nuclear related technician demand and supply: Southern Interstate Nuclear Board Region, 2013. Washington?: publisher not

Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade in the USA Research Paper

Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade in the USA - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, approximately five hundred and fifty billion dollars in subsidies is available every year all over the globe. Several nations have executed carbon taxes or energy taxes that are associated with carbon content and most of the environmentally linked taxes with ramifications for the emission of greenhouse gases in OECD nations are imposed on energy products as well as motor vehicles instead of direct carbon dioxide emissions. Opposition of the rising regulation of the environment like the carbon taxes usually concentrates on concerns that firms might relocate and there is a possibility of people losing their jobs. However, there have been arguments that carbon taxes have a higher level of efficiency compared to direct regulation and may result to increased rates of employment. Numerous large users of carbon resources in the generation of electricity like the US and china among others, remain opposed to carbon taxation. If a tax is put in place, policymakers would levy a particular fee for every ton of carbon dioxide emitted or for every ton of carbon that is contained in fossil fuels. Through the tax entities would be motivated to reduce their emissions in the event that the cost of this reduction is lower than the costs associated with paying the related taxes. Consequently, the tax would create an upper limit on the cost of reduction of emissions but the overall amount of carbon dioxide that would be generated in a specific year would remain uncertain. Conversely, through the cap-and-trade initiative, policymakers would set a limit on overall emissions in a particular period and would obligate the regulated entities to hold allowances to the emissions that are allowed under the cap (Hordeski 196). Every allowance would permit companies to emit a single tone of carbon dioxide of have one tone of carbon in the fuel they sell. Consequent to the distribution of the allowances for a specific period, entities would have the freedom to

Executive summaries of Should Small Businesses Adopt New Accounting Essay

Executive summaries of Should Small Businesses Adopt New Accounting Standards - Essay Example The AICPA financial reporting framework (FRF) revolves around various accounting terms such as debts, credit, risks, profits and losses as well as all assets and liabilities belonging to a business. Bob argues that the current financial reporting framework is an improvement of the previous frameworks. According to him, the improvement is meant to make it easier for SMEs to prepare their financial statements in a much simpler and consistent manner. For instance, with the current reporting framework business A and B can compare their financial statements over the years as they are prepared under specific guidelines as provided by the AICPA. The new financial reporting framework guides the SMEs on preparation of full financial statements. These include the statement of financial position, statement of changes in equity, statement of cash flows and statement of operations. The SMEs are also guided on how to prepare relevant notes that serve as supporting references to the financial statements. AICPA emphasizes on the need of preparing financial statements; for the benefit of the management as well as external users such as bankers and financiers. The purpose of improving on the accounting standards is to ensure that the financial statements of a business capture its economic performance, the economic obligations, resources and equity as well as changes on the same. Bob recommends adaption of this framework as it offers simpler methods of accounting. In an interview with Bob, Patrick notes that the current financial reporting framework is a bit complex for small and medium sized businesses as it entails detailed financial reporting most of which is only necessary for big industries. Bob adds that this is the main reason as to why the financial reporting framework was reviewed. He argues that they had the troubles SMEs go through in compliance with this tiring framework in mind as they redrafted

A Communist Manifesto and Social Movements Essay

A Communist Manifesto and Social Movements - Essay Example Generally speaking, Marx set forth a theory in which conflict, or class struggle, was both caused and perpetuated by a division of individuals into a bourgeois group and a proletarian group. The bourgeois controlled the means of production in a capitalist system and the proletariat functioned as labor for wages. In this way, still speaking generally, the bourgeois were in possession of wealth and resources and the proletariat, wages aside were largely powerless and dispossessed. Marx refined this general model by characterizing a variety of social and economic relationships according to this framework; indeed, attempting to emphasize the pervasive nature of this bourgeoise-proletariat divide, he stated that, Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes (Marx, 1848: np). Thus, Marx viewed the social forces driving societies towards a proletarian revolution as being essentially twofold. ... an initial matter, from a historical point of view, Marx did credit the bourgeois with aiding in the downfall of the old feudal classes; on the other hand, he characterized this development as predictable and as a temporary ascension to power.

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Operations management - Essay Example By the end of nineteenth century, when manufacturing was no longer produced by single craftsmen but a team of skilled workers using the tools used for product specifications. Hence, the procedure was constrained because of limitations such as difficulties in replacements of workers and custom tools absence of gauging systems to control cost and risks etc.(Centre,nd) Therefore, in every age illustrated above, the study on operations management refined business intelligence by exploring profound systems to monitor operations management at its best. The recent advancement of the framework includes planning softwares like Oracle, SAP etc to integrate information at its best for maximum output and watertight performance. (Performance, nd) The organization’s function can be categorized into three major areas that includes finance, operations and marketing (Wiley.com, nd). The aims and objectives of the three functional areas can be defined as under; the functions of Marketing covers a broad range influencing the other functions of organization, these include study on market planning, exchange functions, product designing and development, product distribution, standardization and grading, financing, risk taking, packaging, labeling , branding obtaining customer support and other information etc. (today, 2010) An operation is the area of business that involves the process of products and service delivery by enhancing the performance of organization to meet the standards of customer, suppliers, shareholders, employees and society. (education, nd) The successful theory of operational management involves the strategical thinking of the ground functional areas towards the same target objectives and devises a corporate strategy that could interrelate and align the major functional areas in a single direction or the corporate mission. (Jiang, 2009) The functions or the main aspects of management opt to direct the

Pericles Funeral Oration Essay Example for Free

Pericles Funeral Oration Essay I do not think that everything Pericles said in his funeral Oration was true. Pericles goes on and on about how great the Athens city-state had become a strong democratic government. â€Å"He also talks about how they accept everyone into their city-state and give them the same rights as the Athens people regardless if they are foreigners†. â€Å"Pericles even compares his city-state to that of the Spartans; while using slanderous and defaming words to describe their culture†. Pericles believes from reading his Oration that the Athens are better people because of their equally of all in their city state and the freedom they have given their people. Pericles fails to see the contradiction in the culture and in the oration of the Speech he gives about the Athens way of life and this is because he is biased towards the men. Obviously everyone being equal is not true because woman is not equal to men and is certainly not treated as equals. â€Å"Pericles states himself that it is better for woman to never be spoken of whether it is glory or criticism†. He states that a woman’s place is in her home, the only jobs that are available to women are to bare children and to maintain the household, other than that everything else only a man should and could do. The fact that women are treated differently proves that the Athens were not a democratic state their laws to provide fairness to all the people were only catered to the males not the females. The Athens had a negative attitude towards woman and how they should be treated, Pericles seemed almost disgusted to even have to address woman in his speech and when he did he had nothing positive to say about them. Pericles exaggerates in his oration. He depicts a perfect picture of what the Athens society is thought to be, as if the people and the law have no imperfections that need to be spoken of. He illustrates a great city-state with no flaws but then continues to describe and speak of women as if they were not human and discrimination against them was normal. Pericles was in mourning and wanted to give the dead soldiers and their families and all the people of the city-state the honor and confidence they needed to continue on with the war so he exaggerated, he did not want to dishonor the soldier with his words so he chose to speak of their culture and everything they stood for. Coming from a leader’s perspective I think the ideology may be slightly off but much of it was true from the Athens culture and society.

RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Ferrous Ascorbate

RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Ferrous Ascorbate Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation ABSTRACT A simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for estimating the contents of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid combination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The analysis was performed with Gemini-NX-C18 (250Ãâ€"4.60 mm, 5 µm) column using mobile phase phosphate buffer (pH 7): methanol (98:2, v/v) for ferrous ascorbate whereas phosphate buffer: methanol (88:12, v/v) for folic acid. Mobile phase was delivered at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min for ferrous ascorbate and folic acid. The detection wavelength was 264 nm for ferrous ascorbate and 280 nm for folic acid. The retention time of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found to be 2.7 and 6.8 min, respectively. The linearity was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-50  µg/mL for ferrous ascorbate (r2 = 0.999) and 10-50  µg/mL for folic acid (r2= 0.999). Tablet content of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found 100.44 % and 98.69 %, respectively. INTRODUCTION Iron deficiency and sickle cell is the most common cause of anemia worldwide, accounting for about half of all anemia cases. Prevalence of anemia in India is high because of low dietary intake, poor availability of iron and chronic blood loss due to hookworm infestation and malaria. An exogenous source of folic acid is necessary for the maintenance of normal erythropoiesis. Study was carried out to assess efficacy, safety and tolerability of combination of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid (Phosfomin-XT) in patients with iron deficiency anemia, the report sho wn the increase in bioavailability of ferrous in presence of ascorbate salt. ferrous ascorbate (Fig. 1.A) is newly introduced salt of ferrous having more bioavailability than other salts of ferrous ascorbate [1]. But till date no more literature available for estimation of ferrous ascorbate. The use of therapeutic multivitamins are indicated in cases of deficiency in pathological conditions in which the nutritional requirements a re greatly increased or in conditions in which absorption, utilization, or excretion of vitamins are abnormal [2]. Folic acid (Fig. 1.B) deficiency is the result of megaloblastic anemia [3]. Ion pair chromatographic method was reported for simultaneous determination of seven water soluble vitamins nicotinamide, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, cyanocobalamine and folic acid [2]. HPLC method was developed for estimation of folic acid [2-4]. RP-HPLC method for estimation of folic acid was also reported in Indian pharmacopoeia (2010) [5]. But till date, no report is available for estimation of ferrous ascorbate in combination with folic acid in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. An attempt has made to develop and validate a new, rapid and sensitive method for estimating the content of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid. Experimental Conditions Instrumentation The HPLC chromatographic system Agilent Technologies 1200 series, assembled with a G1315D quaternary pump, a G1315D diode array detector, a rheodyne injector fitted with a 20 ÃŽ ¼L loop and EZ Chrome Elite software. Reagents and chemicals Ferrous ascorbate and folic acid were obtained as a gift samples from Curex Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., Jalgaon (MS) and S. kant Healthcare Ltd, Wapi (gujrat). HPLC grade acetonitrile, and methanol was purchased from Rankem Ltd., India. Double distilled water was generated in house. IPHARED tablets (ferrous ascorbate equivalent to elemental iron and folic acid in ratio of 100:1.5 mg) were purchased from a local market. Standard stock solution of ferrous ascorbate (100  µg/mL) An accurately weighed quantity of about 10 mg ferrous ascorbate was dissolved in 100.0 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7). Working standard solution of ferrous ascorbate Working standard solution of ferrous ascorbate in the concentration range of 10–50 ÃŽ ¼g/mL was prepared by diluting an aliquot portion of about 1– 5 mL ferrous ascorbate stock solution (100 ÃŽ ¼g/mL) to 10 mL with mobile phase. Standard stock solution of folic acid (100  µg/mL) An accurately weighed quantity of about 10 mg folic acid was mixed with 0.5 mL 2.86% solution of sodium carbonate and diluted it upto 100 ml with mobile phase [5]. Working standard solution of folic acid Similarly working standard solution of folic acid in the concentration range of 10–50 ÃŽ ¼g/mL was prepared by diluting an aliquot portion of about 1–5 mL folic acid stock solution (100 ÃŽ ¼g/mL) to 10 mL with mobile phase. Sample preparation for Tablet analysis An accurately weight 20 tablets were crushed to obtained fine powder. Sample preparation of ferrous ascorbate A quantity of tablet powder equivalent to 10 mg of ferrous ascorbate (11.31 mg) was dissolved in 100 mL phosphate buffer pH 7, sonicated for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered. The aliquot portion of filtrate (2.0 mL) was diluted to 10.0 mL with mobile phase. Sample preparation of folic acid A quantity of tablet powder equivalent to 5 mg of folic acid (2.72 g) was mixed with 0.5 mL of 2.86% of sodium carbonate solution and then dissolved in 100 mL mobile phase. The mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered. An aliquot portion of filtrate (4.0 mL) was further diluted to 10.0 mL with mobile phase. Chromatographic condition ferrous ascorbate and folic acid Chromatographic condition ferrous ascorbate The optimized chromatographic conditions for ferrous ascorbate estimation were Gemini-NX- C18 (250Ãâ€" 4.60, 5 µm) as a stationary phase, mixed phosphate buffer (pH 7): methanol (98:2, v/v) as mobile phase, flow rate 1 mL/min with detection wavelength 264 nm. The chromatogram for ferrous ascorbate is as shown in (Fig. 2). The optimized chromatographic conditions for folic acid estimation were Gemini-NX- C18 (250Ãâ€" 4.60, 5 µm) as a stationary phase, phosphate buffer: methanol (88:12, v/v) as mobile phase, flow rate 1 mL/min with detection wavelength 280 nm. The chromatogram for ferrous ascorbate is as shown in (Fig. 3). Results and discussion Ferrous ascorbate and folic acid combination was used in management of anemia [6]. In literature various HPLC methods for estimation of folic acid was reported [7-9]. But no method was reported for the estimation of ferrous ascorbate and simultaneous estimation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid combination. A numbers of trials were carried out for simultaneous estimation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid. Initially, therefore attempt was done for simultaneous estimation of both drugs by reversed-phase, HPLC separation was tried using phosphate buffer pH 3 and methanol (98:2) as the mobile phase, in which ferrous ascorbate eluted at 2.4 min which is nearer to dead time of column and folic acid was not eluted, the resolution and numbers of theroetical plates was also poor. The organic content of mobile phase was also investigated in different ratio to optimize the separation of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid simultaneously. But no mobile phase was found suitable for analysis. The refore, attempt was made to estimate ferrous ascorbate and folic acid in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation separately using different chromatographic condition which was optimized separately for ferrous ascorbate and folic acid (Table I). Therefore attempt was made to estimate ferrous ascorbate and folic acid by using two different mobile phases and sample preparation method. The mobile phase phosphate buffer pH 7- Methanol (98:2) was selected for ferrous ascorbate estimation. The buffer-methanol (88:12, v/v) was selected for folic acid estimation as per Indian pharmacopoeia [5]. The constant flow rate 1mL/min was maintained for both analysis. Detection wavelength 264 nm for ferrous ascorbate and 280 nm were selected for folic acid. Retention time was found to be 2.7 min for ferrous ascorbate and 6.8 min for and folic acid. VALIDATION PARAMETERS [10, 11]. System suitability System suitability parameters, such as number of theoretical plates, HETP, and peak tailing, were determined. The results obtained are shown in Table I the number of theoretical plates for ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found 3219 and 2535 respectively with separate mobile phase. Linearity and range Ferrous ascorbate and folic acid follows a linearity of response between 10–50  µg/mL. Linearity study was performed separately by analyzing five different concentrations of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid. The Solution were diluted appropriately with mobile phase to obtain concentrations in the range of 10-50 ÃŽ ¼g/ml. All measurements were repeated three times for each concentration. Y = 23397x + 28729 is the equation for ferrous ascorbate with R2 value 0.999 Y = 188287x +150052 is the equation for folic acid with R2 value 0.999 Precision The repeatability was studied by multiple injections of a homogenous sample of 20  µg/mL of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid separately. The results of repeatability study of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid are as follows. The result of intra-day precision study, % RSD for ferrous ascorbate was found 1.31 and for folic acid was found to be 1.61. The result of Inter-day precision study, the % RSD for ferrous ascorbate was found 1.60 and for folic acid was found to be 1.54 respectively. The results of the precision study indicate that the method is reliable and reproducible, with a relative standard deviation less than 2.0%. Accuracy Recovery study was performed to validate the accuracy of the developed method. Recovery study was performed at 80%, 100% and 120 % level. The known amount of standard ferrous ascorbate was added to preanalyzed sample and subjected for HPLC analysis. Procedure for ferrous ascorbate Sample solution A quantity of tablet powder equivalent to 10 mg ferrous ascorbate (11.35 mg) was dissolved in 100 mL phosphate buffer, sonicated for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered. Standard stock solution of ferrous ascorbate (100  µg/mL) An accurately weighed quantity of about 10 mg ferrous ascorbate was dissolved in 100.0 mL of phosphate buffer pH 7. Working solution of ferrous ascorbate Three sets containing 10.0 ml volumetric flask were taken. To each set, 2 ml of sample solution was added. To the first set (80%) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 1.6 mL of standard stock solution of ferrous ascorbate was added. To the second set (100%) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 2.0 mL of standard stock solution ferrous ascorbate was added. To the third set (120%) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 2.4 mL of standard stock solution of ferrous ascorbate was added. The volume was made up to the mark with mobile phase in all flasks. The sample and standard solution were analyzed as per optimized chromatographic conditions for ferrous ascorbate. Procedure for folic acid Sample solution of folic acid A quantity of tablet powder equivalent to 10 mg folic acid (5360 mg) was dissolved in 1mL of 2.86% of solution of ferrous sodium carbonate and volume was made with 100 mL buffer, sonicated for 30 minutes. The solution was filtered through whatman filter paper No.41. Standard stock solution of folic acid (100  µg/mL) Weighed accurately about 10 mg folic acid mixed with 0.5 ml 2.86% solution of sodium carbonate solution and diluted with 100 ml of mobile phase. Working solution Three sets containing 10.0 ml volumetric flask were taken. To each set, 2 ml of sample solution was added. To the first set (80%) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 1.6 mL of standard stock solution of folic acid was added. To the second set (100 %) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 2.0 mL of standard stock solution folic acid was added. To the third set (120 %) of three volumetric flasks, a quantity of about 2.4 mL of standard stock solution of folic acid was added. Then, the volume was made up to the mark with mobile phase in all flasks. The sample and standard solution were analyzed as per optimized chromatographic conditions given for folic acid. These results of accuracy are as summarized in Table no: II Determination of the limit of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) The limit of detection and limit of quantitation is determined by using following formulae and result is given below. , Where SD = Standard deviation of response, S = Slope of linearity curve equation The result of LOD (ÃŽ ¼g/ml) of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found to be 0.259 and 0.213 respectively. The result of LOQ (ÃŽ ¼g/ml) of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found to be 0.784 and 0.645 respectively. Robustness As per ICH norms, small but deliberate variations, by altering the flow rate of the mobile phase, were made to check the method’s capacity to remain unaffected (method stability). The change was made in flow rate by altering flow rate 0.9 mL /min and 1.1 mL/min Results of analysis are summarized in Table no: III Tablet analysis Contents of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid found in the tablets by the proposed method are shown in Table VI the low RSD values indicate that the method is precise and accurate. Specificity study Specificity study was conducted for ferrous ascorbate and folic acid in presence of excipients present in tablet. Preparation of physical mixture for specificity study The average weight of 20 tablets was found to be 804 mg. Therefore, as per labelled claim, tablet formulation excipients in tablet were 75 mg. Mixture of drug and excipients {728  µg/mL ferrous ascorbate, 1.5  µg/mL folic acid and 75  µg/mL excipients in equal parts (like lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, starch pregelatinised etc.)} was prepared. The solution was analyzed by optimized chromatographic conditions given for ferrous ascorbate and folic acid. The peak purity value of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was found to be more than the input threshold value. It shows that the peak of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was free from any impurity or co-elution in presence excipients present in tablet. The VU-spectrum of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid is as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 Also the peak purity spectrum of ferrous ascorbate and folic acid was shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 Conclusion RP-HPLC method for estimation ferrous ascorbate and folic acid in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation was successfully developed as per ICH guidelines. The method was found accurate, precise and sensetive hence it can be used for routine analysis by any analyst.

The Doppler Effect And Its Applications

The Doppler Effect And Its Applications Perhaps you have noticed how the sound of a vehicles horn changes as the vehicle moves past you. The frequency of the sound you hear as the vehicle approaches you is higher than the frequency you hear as it moves away from us. This is one example of the Doppler Effect. To see what causes this apparent frequency change, imagine you are in a boat that is lying at anchor on a gentle sea where the waves have a period of T =30s. This means that every 3.0 s a crest hits your boat. These effects occur because the relative speed between your boat and the waves depends on the direction of travel and on the speed of your boat. When you are moving toward the right in Figure 17.9b, this relative speed is higher than that of the wave speed, which leads to the observation of an increased frequency. When you turn around and move to the left, the relative speed is lower, as is the observed frequency of the water waves. Content Doppler Effect (Sound) and its Application Introduction In physics, the Doppler Effect can be defined as, The increase or decrease in the frequency of sound and also to other waves such as the source and observer moving toward or away from each other. Thus the effect causes the change in pitch which is clearly noticed in a passing siren or train horn, as well as in the red shift/blue shift. The Doppler Effect is familiar to us with everyday experiences. It explains us the change in the pitch of a fast moving car horn or any other fast moving sound source as it passes us. If the car is approaching us, the pitch of the cars horn will be greater than if the car were stationary and as the car passes us and begins to move away from us the pitch will be lower than if the car were stationary. In fact, whenever the source and observer of a sound are in relative motion, the observed frequency will be different than that of the emitted one by the source. For example: The Observer feel higher frequency, when the train is coming to the observer. The Observer feel lower frequency, when the train is going far from the observer. History: The Doppler Effect was discovered by a scientist named Christian Doppler, who gifted his idea to us in year1842. He thought, if sound wave coming from the source might have a greater frequency and if the source is moving toward or the observer so there will be lower frequency if the source is moving away from the observer. Though some doubted the existence of this phenomenon, it was experimentally verified in 1845 by C. H. D. Buys Ballot (1817-1890) of Holland. Buys Ballot examined the alteration in pitch as he was passed by a locomotive carrying several trumpeters, all playing a constant note. The Doppler effect is considered most often in relation to sound (acoustic waves) and light (electromagnetic waves) but holds for any wave. When the source and observer of light waves move apart, the observed light will be shifted to lower frequencies, towards the red end of the spectrum, while if the source and observer move toward each other the light will be shifted to higher frequencies, t owards the blue end of the spectrum. The Doppler Effect is the phenomenon to observe at a particular time when the wave is emitted by a source moving w.r.t. the observer .The Doppler Effect can be stated as the effect produced by a moving source of wave when there is an apparent upward shift in the frequency to be observed by the observer and the source which is approaching toward it and the downward shift in the frequency to which it when the observer and the source is contacting. Change in the wavelength due to the motion of the source For the waves which propagate in the medium, such as sound waves, the speed of the observer and the source are in relation with the medium to which the waves are transmitted. The Doppler Effect may result from the change in position of the source, relative motion to the observer. Each of the effect is analyzed singly. For the waves which do not require any medium for propagation, eg. Light and gravity in general relativity, for it the difference in velocity of the observer and that of the source needs to be considered. HOW DOPPLER EFFECT DOES OCCURS: TYPES OF DOPPLER EFFECT: Symmetrical: It implies that Doppler shift is same when the source of light moves towards/away from a stationary observer or the observer moves with the same velocity towards/away from the stationary source. Asymmetrical: It implies that apparent change in the frequency is different when the source of sound moves towards/away from a stationary observer or as that occurs, when the observer moves with the same velocity towards/away from the stationary source. DOPPLER FORMULAE: Now the observer is in motion and also the source is stationary, then the measured frequency is: (1) When the up sign correspond to the arriving observer and the lower sign correspond to a receding observer. Now the source is in motion and the observer is stationary, then the measured frequency is: , (2) Where the up sign correspond to the source arriving and the lower sign correspons to the source receding from the observer. When both the source and observer are in motion, then the measured frequency is: 3) Note that the sign in the numerator and denominator are not depending on each other. By using the general facts for the sign at the numerator, the up sign is to be used if the observer is moving toward the source and the down sign if moving away from the source; in the denominator, the upper sign is used if the source is in motion w.r.t the source towards the observer and the lower sign if moving away. A simple trick to remember the signs is to remind one when or not the observed frequency is becoming to increase or decrease and to use whenever sign is required. For eg, when an observer is moving away from a source, the wave are going to move across it at the slow rate rather than if it was still, which signifies that the observers frequency is decreasing. And also it can be for when the source is in motion w.r.t an observer, it will go to smoosh the wave together as it emit it, which means to say that the increase in the observed frequency. This will be covered by making the denominator in eq (3) smaller, which do requires using it again. Source moving with V source < V sound: In picture shows sound source has radiated sound wave at the const. frequency in the same medium. However, the sound source is turning to the right with a speed Vs = 0.7 V(In mach). The wave fronts are to be produced with the same frequency. Since the source is moving and the center of the new wave front is now slightly shifted to the right. As a result, the wave fronts start bunching on the right side (in front of) and spread further on the left side of source. An observer in the front of the sourceis made to hear it at higher frequency f ÂÂ ´ > f0, and then the observer back to the source will hear a lower frequency f ÂÂ ´ < f0. Source moving with V source = V sound: Here the source is moving with the speed of sound in the medium (Vs = V, Mach 1). The wave fronts in front of the source are all bunched up to the same point. An observer in front of the source will feel nothing until the source arrives to him. The front will be quite intense, due to all the wave fronts add together.The figure at right shows a bullet travelling at Mach 1.01. You can see the shock wave front just ahead of the bullet. Source moving with V source > V sound: The sound source has been broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at the greater speed then the speed of sound. Here the source is moving faster than that of the sound waves it creates are really leading the advancing wave fronts. It is this intense pressure front on the Mach cone that causes the shock wave known as a sonic boom as a supersonic aircraft passes overhead. The shock wave advances at the speed of sound v, since it has been built up from all of the combined wave fronts, the sound heard to the observer will be of the quite intense. Application of Doppler Effect: Sirens: The reason why the siren slides or blow, is because it doesnt hit you. It can be says as, if the siren is approaching to the observer directly, the pitch of the sound would remain constant (we have, vs, r is the radial component) till the source hit the observer, and then jump to the lower pitch. Because of the vehicle passes from the observer, the radial velocity never remains constant, but instead to vary as a function of the angle between observer line of sight and the sirens velocity: Vr = Vscos ÃŽÂ ¸ Where vs is the velocity of the source w.r.t. the medium, and the angle ÃŽÂ ¸ is the angle between the objects forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer. Radar:-In the radars Doppler Effect is widely used in some of the radar, to measure the velocity of the object. A sound with required wavelength, intensity is fired to a moving target as it approaches from the radar source. Each subsequent radar wave has to travel farther to reach the object, before being redetected near the source. As each wave has to move farther, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength. Calculations from the Doppler Effect accurately determine the observers velocity. Weather Analysis or prediction: -Doppler radar uses the Doppler Effect for electromagnetic waves to predict the weather. In Astronomy:-The Doppler shift for light is used to help astronomers discover new planets and binary stars. Echocardiography: A medical test uses ultrasound and Doppler techniques to visualize the structure of the heart. Radio Direction Finding Systems

Epistemology Essay examples -- Philosophy, Hume

â€Å"I have found that such an object has always been attended with such an effect, and I foresee, that other objects, which are, in appearance, similar, will be attended with similar effects† (The Search for Knowledge 74). This foretells that with knowledge, our society may be able to associate a certain aspect/detail with an object, but that does not necessarily mean it will always happen. Therefore, Hume, who starts out as an empiricist, has arrived at the conclusion where an individual may not have knowledge at all, of skeptic doubt. This is explored through the three epistemology questions, the process he did take, and what the reader thinks on the matter. According to Hume, with his process of thought with empiricism, thinks knowledge is possible. He believed that all information about the world comes through experience. The contents of consciousness are what he calls perceptions. [†¦] include our original experiences [impressions] [†¦] sense data [†¦] â€Å"internal† world composed of the contents of our psychological experiences [†¦] also include what he calls ideas, or the contents of our memories and imagination (The Search for Knowledge 69). With this approach to whether knowledge is possible, it is clear that he thinks knowledge is possible through experience; through real experiences, sense data, psychological experiences and ideas. It states that one does not have innate ideas with us such as our senses or emotions, that an individual must experience these actions first in order to recognize what they must be. If one does not experience such actions, they are what he calls ideas, â€Å"the copies of them [impressions]† (The Search for Knowledge 69). He also states that, â€Å"We can deny any matter of fact without falling into... ...external world or the self, we are never certain of anything. Hence, we have no knowledge at all because knowledge is classified as true, justified belief and our ideas and thoughts are not. This is a strong case, and therefore, I believe with his knowledge towards skepticism, but I do not necessarily believe in skepticism. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, Hume has answered the three epistemological questions with very strong points; first as an empiricist, who then leads to a skeptic. Overall, the opinion of the reader is satisfied, because even though Hume has a very doubtful thought process of empiricism with the idea of perceptions and ideas, he then breaks down his theory with the fact that this so-called knowledge is the only source of knowledge an individual can possibly have, therefore it is not knowledge. Knowledge is worth nothing unless you can practice it. Epistemology Essay examples -- Philosophy, Hume â€Å"I have found that such an object has always been attended with such an effect, and I foresee, that other objects, which are, in appearance, similar, will be attended with similar effects† (The Search for Knowledge 74). This foretells that with knowledge, our society may be able to associate a certain aspect/detail with an object, but that does not necessarily mean it will always happen. Therefore, Hume, who starts out as an empiricist, has arrived at the conclusion where an individual may not have knowledge at all, of skeptic doubt. This is explored through the three epistemology questions, the process he did take, and what the reader thinks on the matter. According to Hume, with his process of thought with empiricism, thinks knowledge is possible. He believed that all information about the world comes through experience. The contents of consciousness are what he calls perceptions. [†¦] include our original experiences [impressions] [†¦] sense data [†¦] â€Å"internal† world composed of the contents of our psychological experiences [†¦] also include what he calls ideas, or the contents of our memories and imagination (The Search for Knowledge 69). With this approach to whether knowledge is possible, it is clear that he thinks knowledge is possible through experience; through real experiences, sense data, psychological experiences and ideas. It states that one does not have innate ideas with us such as our senses or emotions, that an individual must experience these actions first in order to recognize what they must be. If one does not experience such actions, they are what he calls ideas, â€Å"the copies of them [impressions]† (The Search for Knowledge 69). He also states that, â€Å"We can deny any matter of fact without falling into... ...external world or the self, we are never certain of anything. Hence, we have no knowledge at all because knowledge is classified as true, justified belief and our ideas and thoughts are not. This is a strong case, and therefore, I believe with his knowledge towards skepticism, but I do not necessarily believe in skepticism. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, Hume has answered the three epistemological questions with very strong points; first as an empiricist, who then leads to a skeptic. Overall, the opinion of the reader is satisfied, because even though Hume has a very doubtful thought process of empiricism with the idea of perceptions and ideas, he then breaks down his theory with the fact that this so-called knowledge is the only source of knowledge an individual can possibly have, therefore it is not knowledge. Knowledge is worth nothing unless you can practice it.

European Imperialsim in Africa was Justified :: Politics Government

European Imperialism in Africa was Justified The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. It led to a dramatic increase in factories, therefore a vast amount of manufactured goods. The demand for goods created by the Industrial Revolution helped clear the way for the Age of Imperialism because Great Britain and eventually all of Europe sought after more natural resources and raw materials. Imperialism is the policy in which a stronger country seeks to dominate a less developed country both politically and economically. Although the European imperialism of Africa was exploitive and self seeking, it was justified because it ultimately enhanced the growth and development of the African nations through new laws, government, well ordered finance and freedom form oppression. When the Europeans arrived in Africa, many would of thought that imperialism wasn?t fied because the Europeans were enslaving the Africans. As stated in David Diop's An Anthology of West African Verse, "And in the Conqueror's voice said, 'Boy! A chair, a napkin, a drink.'" Stated blatantly, the "conqueror" is a European, and he is commanding an African to serve him. Forcing Africans into slavery certainly doesn?t justify European imperialism in Africa, however, there are many reasons as to why imperialism actually was justified. One reason, is the fact that the raw materials the Europeans took from Africa were unused. As stated in Lord Frederick Lugard's, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, "Who can deny the right of the hungry people of Europe to utilize the wasted bounties of nature..." Lugard shows that Europe had the right to take raw materials from Africa because they were unused. This means those who argue that European imperialism in Africa was not justified because the Europeans simply took raw materials, are obviously mistaken. Another reason that European imperialism in Africa was justified, is the fact that Europeans did not take over Africa solely for their self interests. As plainly stated in excepts from Lord Carnarvon's records. "...it is certainly not a desire of selfish interests..." Clearly, those who argue that Europeans just wanted to benefit themselves through the imperialism of Africa, are incorrect. Unfortunately, even though European imperialism in Africa was justified, many Africans are still suffering from the effects to this day.

C.S. Foresters Lieutenant Hornblower: Success And Failure :: Lieutenant Hornblower Essays

In the novel Lieutenant Hornblower there were a few scenes were Hornblower was a success and a few were he was a failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion the first success of Hornblower was when he used all the cannons on one side of the ship to free them from the mud holding the ship. Another success was when Hornblower suggested a landing attack on Samana Bay. The commanding officer agreed with his suggestion, and they put together a landing party. Hornblower had the whole attack planed and the coordinates marked. His surprise attack on the Spanish at Samana proved to be a success. Once the fort was taken over he was successful in firing red hot shot at enemy ships, even without ever using that technique before. Then when the negotiation with the Spanish took place he had a brilliant idea to mount a nine pound cannon at the upper end of the peninsula to prevent the Spanish from escaping. This enabled them to turn down the terms of the proposal that the Spanish wanted and get what they wanted without giving anything to the Spanish. These achievements made by Hornblower is what later earned him the command of the Retribution, although his command of the Retribution did not come until later when the war started again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hornblower had also had a few failures that hindered his successes. Among these was when Hornblower was using the red hot shot to sink enemy ships. This was both a success and failure. It was a failure because after heating the shot for a considerably long period of time the shot began to deform. This deformity of the shot wouldn't allow it to fit into the cannon. Hornblower realized his mistake after one of the shots wouldn't fit into the cannon. This slowed their operation down but didn't cause a defeat to them. The situation with Hornblower gambling is mostly in my opinion a success but it could also be a failure. The way I think it would be a failure is that he lost a lot of his

Myths and Facts About Bullying

A topic of great concern among American society, and parents in particular, is that of youth violence. The media often makes the situation appear as though youth violence is on the increase in the United States. However, scientific research shows that youth violence is not truly increasing, but that certain environmental factors make the statistics read as though the violence is increasing. Statistics can be influenced by a number of factors besides actual increases in violence, such as the introduction of ‘zero tolerance’ policies in schools or the reduction of police discretion on police forces.These environmental factors lead to more incidents of youth violence being detected by those who measure youth violence, but dose not actually represent an actual concrete increase in the violence. However, there is one area of youth violence that has increased somewhat over the past three decades. Although the increase is not drastic, bullying is a form of youth violence that i s highly prevalent in all schools in North America, and abroad. Bullying is a lesser form of violence in which one or more students pick on, verbally or physically abuse another student who is viewed as a weaker child.This often takes the form of physical and/or psychological harm (Bastche & Knoff et al. , 1994). Although bullying is a major problem within the school system, the topic is not fully understood and there are many circulated myths related to the subject. This paper attempts to highlight some of these myths and clarify the actual facts that do exist within the documented literature. Myths about the topic of bullying are widespread and are commonly believed by the majority of individuals.One of the most common myths can even be seen in the above definition of bullying, in that the victims of bullying are not always weaker children than are the bullies. One of the myths about bullying relates to the fact that some schools say their do not have bullying. Sometimes schools w ith ‘zero tolerance’ policies in place believe that they have successfully managed to end bullying as a problem for their students, but it is highly unlikely that this is true (Byrne, 1994).There are many different ways bullying can occur beyond the sight of teachers and authority figures, as bullying is often a very subtle form of violence or harassment, and can be as simple as a glance from one student to another. The only difference between schools with the subject of bullying is whether or not they choose to deal with it in an effective manner. Schools that take a proactive approach to the problem of bullying, by educating their students and dealing with it promptly and firmly, are the most likely to have success in combating the issue, but no school will ever fully remove the problem of bullying (Byrne, 1994).Another common myth about bullying relates to how children are encouraged to deal with the issue. Nearly everyone can relate to a parent or teacher telling th e victim of bullying to simply ‘ignore it. ’ Nearly all victims of bullying are told that they should ignore their bully, not give in to them or respond, as all the bully wants is to get a reaction. But bullying should not be ignored. Every student and child has the right to attend school without being harassed or bullied by other students (Hoover et al, 1992).To tell the student to simply ignore the problem is telling them that the problem does not matter, and the other student is within his or her own right to bully. This is not true. Victims of bullies should maintain records of the events and insist that the school deal with the problem effectively by punishing the bully (Hoover et al, 1992). Many adults believe that bullying really has no damaging effects on children. It is often believed that bullying is a part of life, or a part of growing up and that all children are teased over one topic or another. Thus, the lesson to be learned is how to brush it off and cont inue on with life.Some adults will say that â€Å"it builds character,† but this is not true. Bullying does have immediate and long term detrimental effects on victims. It certainly will build character, but not the positive time. Victims of bullies often carry the damage with them for the remainder of their life, and may become weary of social situations or develop a habit of being submissive to any other person who appears to be somewhat dominant (Craig, 1998). Victims of bullying have even been found to suffer from forms of post traumatic stress disorder, in that they often spend the majority of their school years in fear.The fear of bullying victims can also have negative impacts on their school performance. Thus, the effects of bullying are far from being fleeting or unimportant. Victims of bullying have their psychological injuries reinforced by such myths and untrue so called facts, as they never witness anyone telling them that it is not their fault, that they should not have to put up with bullying, or that the bully is the individual in the wrong. Another related myth is that bullying serves to toughen kids up and make them resistant to future problems as adults, but this is not true at all (Craig, 1998).Myths abound concerning who the targets and victims of bullying are. Many believe that the bully-victim dichotomy is one that is analogous to the strong-weak dichotomy. This, however is not true. Victims of bullies are often sensitive, caring individuals. While their kindness, intelligence, honesty or creativity may be taken as a form of weakness, in reality they are strong individuals who endure years of abuse at the hands of bullies (Olweus, 1997). The typical victim of a bully is not inclined towards violence in the least, making them an easy target, but hardly a wimp or weakling.Often this low inclination towards violence is a result of high levels of personal integrity and values, not a result of being a wimp. If society were made up sole ly of these so called ‘wimps’ and ‘weaklings’ society would be a much better and safer place to live. Many have viewed bullying as something at attacks individuals who are in essence, the best individuals society has created (Craig, 1998). They are smart, respectful, honest, creative, have high values, morals and integrity, and often have a very strong internal sense of fairness or justice.Bullies target these individuals because often they will not fight back due to their own values, but this does not make bullying acceptable or explainable. Other myths concern the relationship between bullying and social skills. Many people believe that it is the popular kids with good social skills that become bullies and pick on the children who do not have good social skills or who are psychologically weak. On the contrary, it is bullies who lack the social skills and who are themselves psychologically weak. Many bullies are in fact afraid of social situations or of re jection (Olweus, 1997).They set themselves up into social situations where they cannot be rejected because other children are afraid of them. Bullies often also suffer from low self esteem which is one of the reasons they derive a better sense concerning their own abilities through the harassment of other students. Bullies will often also target individuals whom they envy, either due to their increased social skills or higher intelligence. Unable to articulate the fact that they are envious, or in some cases actually wish to be the victim’s friend, bullies react with negativity towards these individuals (Rigby & Slee, 1991).Thus it is clear that there are quite a few myths concerning the topic of bullying. Bullying is a very serious problem that causes long lasting, and sometimes life long damage to victims (Craig, 1998). Bullying cannot be completely removed from any school system, but effective policies can be put in place for dealing with bullying. Such policies should tak e the side of the victims and assert to students that bullying, in any form, is not acceptable. Both bullies and victims should be taught effective social skills and skills of communication that allow them to sort through difficulties using words that are not harmful and a lack of violence.Bullies should be dealt with harshly in a manner that informs them that their behaviour is unacceptable, yet at the same time it should not be ignored that bullies themselves are often victims of lowered self esteem or may be victims of violence in another part of their life. Above all, the feelings of victims and their experiences should not be discounted by adults as ‘parts of life,’ ‘rites of passage,’ or ‘wimpy and sensitive. ’ The feelings of victims of bullying are very legitimate and should be dealt with immediately to prevent long term psychological effects (Craig, 1998).References Batsche, G. M & Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Unders tanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review, 23,165-174. Byrne, B. J. (1994). Bullies and victims in a school setting with reference to some Dublin schools. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 15, 574-586. Craig, W. M. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety and aggression in elementary school children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24,123-130. Hoover, J. H. , Oliver, R. & Hazler, R. J. (1992). Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the Midwestern U. S. A. School Psychology International, 13, 5-16. Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/Victim problems at school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 170-190. Rigby, K. & Slee, p>T. (1991). Dimensions of interpersonal relation among Australian children and implications for psychological well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 33-42. Online Sources: Bullying by Mobile Phone and Abusive Text Messaging  œ Child Bullying, http://bullyonline. org/schoolbully/mobile. htm Terrorism Starts in the Playground – http://www. bullyonline. org/schoolbully/terror. htm

Lack of Nationalism and Patriotism of the Filipino Youth Today Essay

â€Å"Lack of Nationalism and Patriotism of the Filipino Youth Today† Nationalism and patriotism both show the relationship of an individual towards his or her nation. The two are often confused and frequently believed to mean the same thing. However, we have lost that sense of nationhood particularly among youth. It wasn’t long time ago when young people here, loved to die for their country. The evident reasons were patriotism and love in their souls for their motherland. But the situation is not so now. Nowadays, if you ask them to die for their country, believe it or not, they either will slap you or laugh out loud at you, thinking it as a frivolous roguery, you are trying to pull at them. Many wonder, if there is a foremost problem, then there must be a solution to it, education reformation, globalization awareness and westernization regulation. Modern education is a major influence for such a situation because the subsequent generation was never taught of patriotic acts and sacrifices of people for their country which resulted in lack of inspiration and moral education also wasn’t encouraged as it should have been. Young people were taught to be self-independent and to only ponder on their well-being. Movies and songs also stopped showing patriotism and partisanship and started making them believe in fantasies, driving them apart from veracity. These are the few reasons why the present generation is devoid of patriotism. I believe that the Department of Education should give also importance on how nationalism be engraved to Filipino youth. Globalization describes the processes by which economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation and technology. It is a new form of culture that knows no boundaries and is spreading globally which is quite alarming. Youth tends to be blind about the process of globalization in our country. For me, having knowledge about social culture is such a big count for patriotism. Westernization is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values. This particular process plays a big role in lack of nationalism of the Filipino youth today. Idolizing Korean-pop, adulating  imported products and simulating foreign fashions are the norms. In this case, parents and teachers or authorities must not tolerate those actions. They should be the first to encourage youth about nationalism and patriotism. The nation built by today’s youth will be the nation they pass along to their own children. If young people today wish their children to have an America of freedom, the young people of today must protect and defend that freedom by supporting our country’s greatness and working to make her ever better. The youth of today owe a debt to those of the past who sacrificed, worked hard, and even died to build us a free nation. To keep faith with those who have gone before and upon whose toil and sacrifice the nation was built, youth need to show patriotism. Through education reformation, globalization awareness and westernization regulation, nationalism and patriotism will not be lost among Filipino youth.

Introduction to Early Childhood Education †Assessment Essay

Identify THREE quality indicators relevant to early childhood education and discuss why they are important for children, parents, and/or society. 300 words. The first quality indicator relevant to early childhood education would be ‘people’. Letting your child learn in an environment where the teachers and assistants are expert, well-trained and the majority of them hold qualifications in the area. They should be able to fully understand your child’s needs, communicate well with them ensuring they make your child feel safe and comfortable being around them. They should also be trusted and respected by staff, parents and children. The ‘place or environment’ would be the second indicator. The learning environment should make all children feel welcome regardless of the cultural, ethnic or language background. They should be able to provide a variety of, materials, equipment and play activity arranged to encourage children to learn. A stimulating outdoor environment that challenges and motivates children to explore, run and play is also important. An environment where they feel safe, and where parents can see their child, and feel comfortable knowing they are there. They should be able to feel secure in the environment they are in and to know their children can only benefit from being there. ‘Programme’ the third indicator. A quality learning programme should provide lots of learning opportunities in a wide range of different areas (reading, water play, sand play, dress-up, science, social play). A variety of activities either working in small groups or individual interactions with teachers. Parents should be able to BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper to understand themselves about what their child is learning, having good communication with the centre employees, knowing what is going on and understanding their ways etc. an eye out being a parent and understanding the centres way. Teachers should always build trusting relationships with parents while always respecting and supporting different families cultures and languages. Reference List Identify TWO early childhood services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. 450 words. Montessori is a philosophy and method of education pioneered by the Italian educationalist Dr Maria Montessori (The first Montessori school opened in 1909, the first Waldorf school in 1919 and the first Playcentre in the 1930s) Montessori ‘casa dei bambini’ or ‘children’s house’ was first opened in San Lorenzo, Rome, Italy. Dr Maria Montessori recognised that the first six years of a child’s life are the most important. Dr Montessori, trialled many materials and activities, but kept only those to which the children were spontaneously and repeatedly drawn. Playcentre began in 1941 primarily as a support service to women left raising children alone due to partners being away with the Second World War. Lack of transport and low family incomes were the reality for many women. Playcentre’s original aims were â€Å"to provide leisure for mothers and opportunities for the social development of the pre-school child† (Stover, 1998, p. 3). Playcentre is a stimulating environment, they provide a diverse and rich range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Montessori has a certain structure and is based on their own philosophy unlike playcentre. Playcentre is a parent run co-operative it relies heavily on parental input, participation and support. Montessori aim is to provide an environment with structure and activities that meet the needs of the children and by giving them freedom to move and act within it, it was said that Dr Montessori had revealed the â€Å"true nature† of the child. Their philosophy is aimed for Children to be encouraged to be firmly grounded in reality before being exposed to fantasy. Montessori classrooms are very BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper quiet, as children are deeply absorbed in their work. They input this by managing the classroom materials into six areas (Practical Life Exercises, Sensorial Material, Art, Mathemartics, language, cultural subjects, and also physical is brought into their daily routine). Playcentre however is marked by a stimulating environment, providing a diverse and rich range of experiences, un limited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum. Their views and goals are to promote children’s learning through play, Family involvement ( based on the importance of parents as educators of their own children) They like to View children as people who are strong and capable and can make their own choices about how and where to play (childinitiated play). Playcentre teachers are trained parents who take quite a hands on approach and implement learning, using a lot of open ended questions to extend children’s thinking. Montessori and playcentre have different methods. Both focus on the wellbeing of children, and help promote them to learn and grow through many different approaches. The key difference between Playschool and Montessori is that at playschool the whole family joins, rather than it just being a provider of education for the child. Reference List (Pre-schoolers: Preschool Education: Types of Early Childhood Care KYLIE VALENTINE 2010) (Stover, 1998, p. 3). May, H. (2002, Winter). Early childhood care and education in Aotearoa – New Zealand: An overview of history, policy and curriculum. McGill Journal of Education BEd111: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper

River And Water Management Flood Control Environmental Sciences Essay

Floods are a major concern in many parts of the universe due to the many losingss experienced in clip of inundations. Therefore, flood direction techniques are really of import in countries that are prone to frequent implosion therapy. Flood direction techniques are constructions designed with the purpose of incorporating floodwater in order to command flood plains. The designing of inundation control techniques entails gauging the degrees of H2O that causes inundations and so mensurating the needed tallness that will make a on the job inundation defence. Flood defences are strong barriers that prevent H2O from deluging flood plains ( Woods & A ; Woods 2007, p.5 ) . Floods by and large occur when fluxing surface H2O spills over the keeping Bankss into dry land. Floods are a natural happening in about all river systems. Areas that are prone to deluging include those that are located downstream of dikes and low lying countries. Deluging causes huge losingss which include human and carnal life, dirt eroding, amendss of belongingss, devastation of flora and other environmental amendss. Besides, countries that are affected by inundations could besides be prone to drouths. This can even do farther loss of human and carnal lives. Flood Waterss are normally polluted with harmful bacteriums ensuing from sewerage. This means that people affected by the inundations are at greater hazards of acquiring morbific diseases ( Proverbs, et al. , 2011, p. 221 ) . However, inundations besides have positive impacts on ecosystems. One benefit from deluging includes more fresh H2O for domestic and irrigation use. Other benefits include big sedimentations of minerals and foods into affected countries. Apart from these, inundations besides help to better the status of H2O ecosystems. However, they can be considered to be the most detrimental compared to volcanic eruptions and temblors due to their frequences. Therefore, rigorous steps must be in topographic point to forestall the monolithic losingss occurred during inundations ( Gruntfest & A ; Handmer, 2001, p.12 ) . Methods used to command inundations Techniques that are applied in commanding inundations involve the version of the river environment and countries which are close to the river. Flood control techniques can be applied on the river channel, floodway or on the flood plain ( Ghosh, 1997, p.55 ) . Techniques applied in flood plains Floodplains are countries that prevarication below the inundation lift and wholly on the floodway and river channel. The bulk of techniques applied on flood plains lie far from the river but they are designed to cut down inundation harm. Levee/Floodwall around constructions This technique involves the building of a levee/floodwall about structures that are located in flood plains. Levees can either be lasting or impermanent. Construction of the levee normally requires the usage of strong, unreal or natural stuff that can digest force per unit area from the inundations ( Hyndman & A ; Hyndman, 2010, p.356 ) . The rule of utilizing levees and other barriers is to raise the tallness of constructions located in flood plains which floodwater must so mount in order cause implosion therapy. These constructions are at that place to offer protection to constructions. However, they put other constructions at a high hazard of deluging due to the so increased H2O keeping in the flood plains. Furthermore, serious harm to protected constructions can so happen when the levees are unable to keep back floodwater. This is because the force per unit area that the inundations hit the construction is highly high compared to when there is no barrier ( Green, 2004, p.36 ) . The usage of levees, butchs and floodwalls has a negative impact on the natural river procedures ( Harmancioglu, 1994, p.42 ) . Ideally, developed H2O spills should organize a natural channel which provides a manner for the inundations to flux. Therefore, levees would cut down the ability of the flood plains to treat floodwaters. The inability of the floodwaters to flux freely within the flood plains would interfere with fish in their aquatic home ground. The river would react by making other channels in order to let extra H2O to flux. The developed channels clear the backwater every bit good as cut down habitat complications ( Harmancioglu, 1994, p.43 ) . Off-stream detainment pool The chief purpose of making detainment pools in flood plains is to roll up the floodwaters once the river has reached its maximal capacity. Detention pools are constructed off from the floodway but must be within the flood plain catchment. When directing H2O into the detainment ponds it will hold an impact on cut downing the sum of H2O a river carries. This will hold a negative impact on natural river procedures due to the decrease of H2O fluxing downstream. Reduced sum of downstream flow could so do a decrease in sediment conveyance, which may take to the rise of the land degree of the channel and deposition of all right deposits. In add-on, leting H2O to flux into a detainment pool may do more H2O to flux into the pool than expected. This may take to an increased development of river channels ( Ali, 2002, p8.3 ) . Detention pools besides create new milieus for the genteelness and maturing of fish. However, the building of detainment channels must be done in a manner that creates a connexion between the pool and the mainstream so that the rivers natural environment can be maintained. Severe harm to the environment can happen when the detainment ponds break down taking to deluging in the flood plains. Techniques applied on floodway The floodway is made of river Bankss and the active channel. In general, the floodway forms the portion of land that is instantly following to the river. This piece of land allows flood Waterss to go through without raising the inundations depth upriver. One feature of floodways is the presence of little Bankss, either due to cuts made by old inundations or natural levees due to sedimentations from old floodwater ( Mambretti, 2011, p.66 ) . Reducing the bank incline This technique consists of cutting the riverside backwards to bring forth a gentler incline ( Masoudian, 2009, p.14 ) . It may affect replanting or resurfacing the bare bank utilizing stuffs afterwards. Reducing the bank incline will hold an impact on the increasing inundation transit at the channel degree due to the increased bank breadth. This normally happens because cut downing the bank incline increases the surface country of the bank channel, which so increases the volume of bank flow. However, if slope decrease is done through seting flora, it is likely that the bank stableness will be increased. This has an consequence of making a natural containment, which reduces the speed of H2O. A decrease in the speed of H2O so decreases the rates of dirt and bank eroding. Vegetation along river Bankss may besides pin down deposits within flows, which may so take to a buildup of Bankss, increasing the effectivity of Bankss in commanding inundations ( Masoudian, 2009, p.16 ) . The fact that cut downing the bank inclines so besides reduces eroding along the river Bankss has a negative impact on natural river processes. Without eroding on the river Bankss there will be a decreased sum of deposits, a decreased degree of wood dust and a decreased sum of channel migration. Therefore, the eroding happening of course along river Bankss is critical in keeping an active balance within river systems. Aquatic home grounds will besides be affected ; cut downing bank inclines has a negative impact of uncluttering countries where fish may hole up during the twenty-four hours in order to be safe from marauders. Juvenile fish normally hide in undercut river Bankss doing it an indispensable constituent of an aquatic home ground ( Masoudian, 2009, p.17 ) . Reinforcing riversides This technique involves adding supportive stuff to riverbanks in order to increase their stableness and in defying inundation flows. The most normally used support method involves seting natural flora as it acts as a stabilizer and increases the ability of riversides to command inundations. Planting flora on riversides can be done through hydro seeding, which involves assorted methods to add a mixture of H2O, fertiliser and seeds into riversides. The deep-rooted seeds will so turn and organize a huge web of root systems. The root system helps in keeping the dirt together, which so strengthens the riversides. The other method used to present works stuff on riversides is manus seting. In this technique, mature workss are inserted into riversides to go on with their growing ( Stokes, et al. , 2007, p.50 ) . Planting mature workss has the advantage of supplying immediate protection against inundations through flow decrease. The other method involves the usage of works mats, which are either natural or man-made stuffs implanted with works seeds and fertilisers. The mats are so spread on the riversides, and so the lacrimation procedure follows to let the seeds to shoot and back up the undermentioned growing. Apart from watering the works mats, continued instabilities in the river degree can assist in sprouting and back uping growing ( Beek, et al. , 2008, p.33 ) . The chief impact of presenting workss along river Bankss is the formation of strong riversides that can defy force per unit area from fluxing H2O. The other impact is the bar of enhanced channel migration. Floods that may happen along Bankss with sufficient works stuff may be less terrible compared to those happening in countries without works stabilizers. The usage of works stabilizers provides a durable solution to command of inundations. This technique besides offers an environmental friendly method of inundation control, which is easy to keep. Continued additions of flora along riversides additions channel raggedness and reduces the H2O speed. The usage of workss besides comes with the advantage of supplying nutrient for the aquatic life in the protected rivers. Fish may besides happen a natural home ground in the huge root system generated by workss ( Beek, et al. , 2008, p.34 ) . Gabions Gabions are constructed utilizing wire mesh baskets that are filled with rocks of two-six inches. Like workss, gabions are meant to beef up river Bankss, which boost ‘s the river Bankss ability to defy force per unit area from fluxing H2O. However, for gabions to be effectual workss should be added to them. Gabions besides deteriorate in clip, which means that replacings are required when they stop working decently. The usage of gabions reduces the natural eroding that occurs along riversides. This so reduces the sum of deposits delivered to downstream home grounds. In add-on, flows that are deflected by the gabions may make new river channels ( Mascarenhas, 2011, p.82 ) . Gabions besides lead to an addition in H2O speed, which has the disadvantage of cut downing the sum of backwater that is indispensable for the endurance of fish and other aquatic life. Well-designed gabions may function as a dependable beginning for engendering crushed rock every bit good as home grounds for aquatic life. Techniques applied along the river channel Sediment trap/mining This technique involves unearthing or dredging a depression on the river bottom. Construction of deposit traps requires the proper appraisal of deposit burden within a river in times of implosion therapy. Care of sediment traps require continued excavation of deposits after every serious inundation event. Sediment excavation reduces the sum of deposit sedimentations in the river channel, which in bend increases the channel volume every bit good as the inundation transit. Removing deposits could merely hold a short term impact of improved inundation transit because of the continued deposition of deposits downstream. Therefore, continued remotion of deposits is necessary to forestall incidences of implosion therapy ( Mascarenhas, 2011, p.105 ) . Removal of deposits within the river channel affects natural river processes. One consequence of deposit excavation is the alteration of the channel morphology. Any alterations in the channel morphology affect the manner the H2O flow and the river bed interact with each other. Removing deposits from the river channel changes the channel gradient. These alterations so have farther impacts on the gradient both upstream and downstream. An addition in the gradient in one location of the river may take to the formation of a â€Å" 5 point † or otherwise known as a â€Å" nick point † . This leads to increased eroding in the channel, which extends to a point where the gradient is stable or where there is bedrock resistant to eroding ( Raudkivi, 1993, p.35 ) . The remotion of deposits affects aquatic home grounds in several ways. When all right deposits are removed, there is a creative activity of a spawning home ground for a assortment of fish species. On the other manus, remotion of engendering crushed rock reduces the degree of engendering home grounds ( Raudkivi, 1993, p.41 ) . Flow realignment This technique of inundation control involves the excavation of new and deeper channels on the river bed but with a different place compared to the bing channels. When flow realignment is done to increase inundation transit, there is a decrease in frequence and badness of inundations. Flow realignment creates different constructions for the river flow. This interferes with natural river processes both upstream and downstream. The most important impact of flow realignment is evidently on aquatic home grounds. The usage of heavy equipment to do flow realignments creates perturbations on the river bed ; this alters bing aquatic home grounds. Therefore, use of flow realignment techniques needs thorough appraisal of possible impacts on the aquatic ecosystem ( Fleming, 2002, p.47 ) . Word Count: 2,108

Essay on Human Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Do Women and Homosexuals Suffer Discrimination - Research Paper Example Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are subjected to human rights violations. According to Nussbaum, these human right violations include denial of the right to marriage and its social and legal benefits, denial of rights to serve in the military, discrimination in education, employment, and housing, as well as lacking the right to carry out consensual sexual relationship with another adult without having to cop a criminal penalty. Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are also denied the right to be protected from violence. This paper will discuss the various human rights violations against these groups, why these violations occur, and what can be done to address the problem. Women and girls, as well as gays and lesbians, are subjected to these violations because of various reasons. The most significant is because of the focus placed on the public sphere when discussing human rights while ignoring the private sphere (Maran & Angela 12). The invisibility of victims undergoing violations of their p rivacy rights is normally reified with any appeal to the standards of human rights. The absence of rights such as those on sexuality and fertility for a long time has been unfavorable to the rights of women and girls. Additionally, the contradictions in human rights wording cause partial and confused treatment of the family. The private nature of the family, as is the focus of most human right laws, allows gender discrimination to go on unchecked. With gays and lesbians, the confusion on their definition counts as a reason why their rights are being trampled. Lack of proper definition of gays and lesbians for a long time has made their rights unattainable. Arati Rao and Martha Nussbaum are in agreement as far as the cause of discrimination for their respective groups is concerned. They pinpoint the control of the nature of family by the state, as a major contributor to human rights violations for both groups.